SINGAPORE, Sept 21 — Some coffee-shop owners and consumers said that a proposal to boost the recycling rates for beverage containers through a deposit return scheme is good in theory, but they are concerned that improper execution could lead to greater inconvenience for everyone.

Yesterday (September 20), the National Environment Agency announced that it is looking to have a scheme that would require consumers to pay 10 to 20 cents more for pre-packaged drinks in plastic or metal containers from mid-2024.

To get their deposit back, consumers will have to return their empty, unwashed containers to a designated return point. They can do so either over the counter with a shop cashier, or at a reverse vending machine.

A reverse vending machine is essentially a contraption that will dispense a cash amount after a user inserts the appropriate beverage containers — identified with a special barcode.

One concern raised by 37-year-old engineer Claire Gwee was that a lack of infrastructure, or return points, could end up frustrating consumers.

"And it will be quite unfair if we end up spending more but have a hard time getting the deposits back because there are not enough of these return points,” she said.

Under the proposal, all large supermarkets with a floor area of more than 200sqm, which now number about 400, would have return points.

NEA is also proposing that return points be set up in other locations such as mini-marts, food courts and shopping centres.

The agency also proposed for the operator of the scheme to be "industry-led” as this will minimise costs and also promote accountability and efficiency. The scheme itself will also not be for profit.

Consumers such as Madam K. Rajeswary, a 59-year-old homemaker, suggested that it will better if every public housing block has a reverse vending machine.

That way, she said, residents will not "just dump the cans and bottles in the blue (recycling) bin” that she noticed are usually overflowing.

Jackson Ong, 40, who is self-employed, painted a scenario that may happen should reverse vending machines not be located under a resident’s housing block: People may end up being stuck with empty drink cans and "hoarding a stash of containers” until they have accumulated enough to make it worth their while to lug them to the nearest return point.

"But it also means I need to spend time cleaning these containers so they don’t attract pests in my home,” he added, even though there is no need to wash them under the proposed scheme.

Ong is not overly concerned about paying an extra 10 or 20 cents for a canned drink, but he said that it could add up when bought in bulk.

Taking the example of a particular brand of istonic drink sold at a supermarket, he said that it is selling at around S$14 (RM63.80) for a carton of 24 cans.

Since it might take time to finish the drinks, it also means that it would be a while before the consumer sees the return of his S$4.80 deposit, assuming it is a 20-cent deposit for each can.

It may not look like a lot of money, but he said that "every little bit does add up".

"The scheme seems good in theory, but we really need to know that we won’t be at the losing end (cost-wise) because of it,” he added.

Possible inconvenience for eateries

As for coffee-shop owners, at least one is taking a wait-and-see approach and said that it was too early to predict what kind of impact it will have on his business.

Johnny Ang, who owns a coffee shop in Geylang, also said that it is not as though business owners such as himself have much of a say.

"If (the government) wants to do this, then we also have no choice.”

However, the business development manager for the ABC Restaurant Group, which runs 17 eateries, foresees that the scheme could inconvenience the group’s operations.

Andrew Karthikeyan said that for one thing, having a reverse vending machine at any of his outlets would take up the space of a table or two.

"I don’t get back anything for it... it’s just wasting space.”

Businesses such as Karthikeyan's will similarly have to pay a higher cost for drinks due to the deposit charge. It was not stated in NEA's proposal if businesses will be incentivised to have a reverse vending machine.

As for the alternative, which is returning the containers to the cashier, Karthikeyan said that it could lead to a situation of creating another queue for customers.

And since not every customer would be willing to queue to get their deposit back, particularly during lunch hour, customers could end up forgoing it, he added.

When asked if it would be possible for his business to absorb the cost of the deposits by pouring the drinks out for customers and retaining the containers, Karthikeyan said that it is not only extra labour for his crew, it is also not something every customer wants.

"Even though it's such a minor thing (to pour a fizzy drink), if we have about 30 customers coming to my restaurant at a single time, my staff is going to pour the drink, wait for the carbonation to set before serving... all this takes time.”

Moreover, some customers prefer to sip on their drink at the end of the meal, and it may be flat by the time they get to it if the drink is pre-poured.

Keeping it circular

The finer details of how the scheme will be executed aside, industry observers agreed that it will raise Singapore’s recycling rate.

Tan Huileng, executive director of the non-government organisation Zero Waste SG, said that it will bring Singapore closer to a circular economy.

"It keeps materials and products in use and in circulation, as compared to the common linear take-make-waste approach,” she said.

And as domestic recycling rates have been comparatively lower than the non-domestic sector, Ms Tan added that targeting beverage containers — which are generally used by individuals or households — will go some way in raising recycling rates for individuals.

Dr Yvonne Lin, materials expert at the Singapore arm of World Wide Fund for Nature, said that this initiative will also use less labour for sorting, compared to the blue recycling bins in use where different kinds of materials have to be sorted.

For the blue bins used by public waste collectors, all manner of recyclables are co-mingled within the bins as a form of convenience for residents, and they are later sorted at a materials recovery facility into different waste streams for recycling.

One limitation of this co-mingling method of recycling, which the authorities have mentioned before, is that 40 per cent of what goes into the blue bins cannot be recycled due to contamination caused by residents improperly throwing in perishables and items that cannot be recycled such as food waste.

Dr Lin also sees beverage containers as being highly recyclable and can be recycled back into new bottles.

Still, for the scheme to be successful, Tan from Zero Waste said that the authorities must intentionally design the collection points to make it more convenient and visible for people, which will help in promoting the habit of recycling.

And if done right, Singapore could achieve a high recycling rate, as seen in other countries with similar schemes.

Dr Lin said that the scheme is not new and is already practised in Australia, Canada, the United States and many European countries.

For instance, Finland started a system for returning beverage containers in the 1950s. Now, it has a recycling rate that is as high as 90 per cent, Dr Lin added.

Lessons from other countries

Publicly available reports about how the scheme is faring in other countries have shown that it does help with recycling rates, but there are also some down sides to it.

For instance, a position paper on the scheme last year found that there were some concerns regarding unclaimed deposits in Germany. This was authored by the European Chamber Of Commerce and professional services and audit firm KPMG.

They said that German retailers and the beverage industry bear the costs of the scheme and in return, can keep any unclaimed deposits.

These stakeholders are able to make a profit from the 1 to 3 per cent of unreturned or non-recyclable bottles, or both.

The paper estimated that since the introduction of the scheme in 2003, producers have profited more than €3 billion (S$4.2 billion) from bottles that were thrown away and not returned into the system.

"As a result, manufacturers and drink producers are not sufficiently incentivised to improve the recyclability of their products,” the paper said.

Consultancy firm Deloitte also made other observations in a 2019 report based on other European countries with a similar deposit return scheme.

It said that it is important to have a proportional deposit fee.

A high deposit fee will encourage consumers to return empty packaging, but it could encourage malpractice if the deposit value exceeds packaging production cost.

Conversely, if the deposit fee is too low compared to a high product price, it may also discourage consumers from returning packaging. ― TODAY

* The public may submit feedback on NEA's proposal through an online survey form. The deadline is October 14, 2022.